Tuesday, December 19, 2023

The Way of Walking Alone: Miyamoto MUSASHI's 21 Essential Rules to Navigate Life’s Journey ( The Dokkodo)

 

Portrait of Miyamoto Musashi (Edo period)

Miyamoto Musashi was a legendary Japanese samurai, philosopher, Buddhist monk and writer. Born in 1584, he died on June 13, 1645.

Musashi became famous for his unique double-bladed swordsmanship and inconceivable undefeated record across 61 duels. He was disciplined, humble, and contemplative in his pursuit of expertise, which in itself became a vehicle for self-mastery. Due to his achievements as a swordsman, he was bestowed the title of Kensei, meaning the sword-saint of Japan. 

 Musashi was a solitary man who dedicated his life to the study of swordsmanship, strategy, philosophy and Zen Buddhism. He was a rōnin, a vagabonding samurai who traveled far and wide to hone his skills and test his mettle in duels against other warriors.

While he was a highly skilled martial artist, Musashi was also a philosopher and a Buddhist monk, who was well-versed in the arts of practicing inner peace. Two years before his death, Musashi retreated to a cave, where he meditated and lived the rest of his life in seclusion.

In the last week leading up to his death, Musashi wrote a book containing the philosophy of his life to leave for his favorite student. He called it Dokkōdō (The Path of Aloneness, or The Way of Walking Alone).

The book contains 21 principles or precepts that a warrior must live by in order to be mentally, emotionally, physically and spiritually strong and undefeatable.  It also shows us the way we need to follow alone in order to become unbothered by external factors and become more resilient in life. 

Thus the Dokkōdō can be interpreted as a guidebook to humility, self-discipline, asceticism, and personal development, and an early commentary on the psychology of mastery and optimal performance

The approach to combat and everyday life should be the same. — Miyamoto Musashi


The book  is still relevant in this day and age even though it was written almost four centuries ago.

Here are the 21 precepts on self-discipline mentioned in Miyamoto Musashi’s Dokkodo.

No.1. Accept everything just the way it is.

Unconditional acceptance is not just good for your mental health, it also leads to an internal locus of control. Instead of blaming everything and everyone else for all the bad things going on in your life, accept life as it is and focus on what you can do to change the situation in your favor. Whether in your career relationships or personal life accept the things that you cannot change instead of being stressed, anxious, overwhelmed and worried about them. Avoid opposing the laws of nature and ways of the world and focus on improving yourself. Be flexible in your approach and don’t stick to a rigid worldview.

No.2. Do not seek pleasure for its own sake.

A life of self-discipline requires you to pursue what is meaningful and useful often at the expense of what is pleasurable or expedient. For Musashi, happiness is not an end in itself worth chasing. It is fleeting and simply a by-product of pursuing meaning growth and mastery.

 As Kenji Tokitsu the author of book on Musashi's life and writings explains:

 Renouncing pleasure for Musashi is a basic condition for arriving at what is essential. In this he is following the path that has been followed by other great accomplished practitioners of the martial arts. Musashi seeks to avoid being detained at the level of pleasure, which would only distract him from the essential.

Again Tokitsu points out that such a conception of life is derived from Buddhist thought as well as ancient Japanese notions of nature and the world — two pervasive themes throughout this text and all of Musashi’s writing.


No.3. Do not, under any circumstances, depend on a partial feeling.

Being emotional and making decisions based on fleeting emotions can spell certain doom, as most of us are aware. Yet, we often rely on our feelings to make crucial life decisions. This is why it is important that we consider different factors, other than our feelings, before making a decision and are always sure about a decision before acting on it. This can help you avoid self-doubt, be more confident and gain more clarity in life.

Certain decisions need total conviction and hence, we should be cautious before acting on our feelings. A warrior never attacks their opponent without clear and proper thought as the counterattack can lead to defeat.
Maintain a clear-sighted view of your circumstances, eschew biases and preconceived notions, and practice decisiveness.


No.4. Think lightly of yourself and deeply of the world.

 This beautiful aphorism reminds us of the all-too-human tendency to view ourselves as the center of the universe.
This is an exercise in humility. Musashi’s biographer Tokitsu explains that he is inviting us to meditate on our own smallness - another decidedly Buddhist concept - in relation to the power of nature, the immensity of the world, and the ever-changing, unpredictable essence of reality. Maintaining a light sense of self will facilitate better judgement, adaptability, and growth, and can act as an antidote to frustration and pain.

According to Dokkodo, only the weak look for their personal gain, while the strong always look out for the needs of others. Caring about others allows you to experience kindness, love and generosity for others. It helps you see the true beauty in the world and in people, making you appreciate life better. 


No.5. Be detached from desire your whole life long.

Being detached from attachment and desire is one of the core principles in Buddhism. When we are too attached to our goals, dreams and wants, our mind, heart and life is completely dominated by them. It is only by truly detaching from desire can we observe ourselves, think independently and become the best version of ourselves. However, it does not mean that we should not be ambitious or pursue our dreams, it simply means that we need to put in the effort to reach our goals without trying to manipulate the outcome. 

Letting go of your expectations of the outcome will empower you to be happy regardless of what lies ahead in life. When we are too attached to our desires, we become vulnerable to mistakes, manipulation and desperation

No.6. Do not regret what you have done.

While it is natural to regret our past mistakes, in his book Dokkodo, Miyamoto Musashi suggests that we should never feel guilty for our actions as we can never change the past. Regret is a useless feeling. What is important is that we learn from our mistakes and make sure not to repeat them again. Mistakes allow us to understand ourselves better, be more mature and gain experience about life. Constantly regretting the past will limit our abilities and prevent us from living the way we want to live life. 

Criticizing yourself for past mistakes serve no purpose as you did not know any better. You did your best in that particular moment and learned a valuable lesson from it. We must use the lessons learned to create a better life for ourselves and others.

The fact that Musashi wrote this on his deathbed makes it all the more poignant.

 No.7. Never be jealous of others good or bad

Jealousy is born out of insecurities. When we compare ourselves to others, we put ourselves down and tell ourselves that we are not good enough. This can dampen our warrior spirit and demotivate us. Instead of being jealous of others, be inspired by their skills and achievements. Invest your energy in building yourself rather than drowning in such a toxic and negative emotion. 

Jealousy will only make you feel hurt and steal your happiness. It will make you ungrateful for what you already have and make you falsely believe that your life is not satisfying. Use that energy to do what you want to do. 

 No.8. Never let yourself be saddened by a separation.

Where love goes, pain follows. While a breakup or the loss of a loved one is undoubtedly painful, we should not carry the pain in our hearts for too long, suggests Musashi in his Dokkodo. Love never leads to pain and suffering, only attachment does. Instead of holding onto people who are no longer in your life, let them go and accept the present situation. Separation is an unavoidable part of our lives and relationships are never permanent. 

What matters is that we love them unconditionally, and keep their memories alive in our hearts. When someone wants to leave, allow them to go, wish them well and keep them close to your heart. Physical separation can never end emotional love. 

There is another form of practicing detachment. While grief is a normal human emotion, understand and accept that all things - every event, relationship, and even life itself - comes to an end. This allows you to prioritize, maintain presence, appreciate things more fully, and live with a sense of urgency.

 No.9. Resentment and complaint are appropriate neither for oneself nor others.

True warriors and ronins do not nag, whine and complain in life. They face whatever challenge life throws at them and emerge victorious. Warriors who walk alone don’t pretend to be the victim nor do they complain about life not being fair. Having a victim mindset can fill you up with cynicism, bitterness, frustration and resentment that will hold you back in life and erode your inner peace and happiness. Instead focus your energy on being productive, improving your abilities to deal with your situation and moving forward. 

Mark Twain once said anger is an acid that can do more harm to the vessel in which it is stored than to anything on which it is poured. Resentment, malice, and anger cloud your judgement, and impede clarity and presence of mind. Like jealousy and regret, a tendency to hold grudges hinders your pursuit of the Way. What good is a grudge to a man on his death bed?

To forgive is to free yourself from a form of unnecessary attachment - i.e. clinging to a past hurt - and to continue on your journey unburdened.

No.10. Do not let yourself be guided by the feeling of lust or love. Steer clear of the path to attachment

 Musashi defied the all-too-human penchant for attachment in all forms — attachment to love, luxuries, delicacies, possessions, grudges, ego, superstitions, and even the tools of his trade.

 Love and sex can certainly feel great and make life worth living, but when your mind, heart and life are controlled by love and lust, your judgment will get negatively affected. The trappings of desire and lust can drive people mad and make them sacrifice their reputation, freedom, accomplishments, family and life, all due to a lack of self-control. But it is not worth it. 

Love and passion, like all forms of attachment, are desires that can distract you or lead to mistakes.. For Musashi, attachment was indulgence, and indulgence leads to daze and distraction.

Understand that all things - objects, emotions, relationships, even life itself - have an end. Practice detachment, and pursue presence of mind in your pursuit of mastery, a higher purpose, and the Way.  

 No.11. In all things, do not have any preferences.

While we live in an era where we believe that our opinions, choices and preferences matter and we should always stand up for our preferences, it can lead to a rigid mindset that can affect our life adversely. But according to Dokkodo being open-minded and having a flexible attitude can help you gain new experiences learn new things and go to places you never knew existed. While it is okay to have your personal preferences, you should not be too attached to them and restrict yourself. That’s not how a warrior lives. 

Unless you want to live a small life trapped inside the mental boundaries you created for yourself develop a more flexible and open approach towards life.

Stay focused, disciplined and detached. Some of the most valuable things in your pursuit of excellence won’t be pretty, but they’ll be useful. Pursue optimal performance as a vehicle for developing yourself not for glamor and attention. 


 
No.12. Have no luxury in your house. Be indifferent to where you live.

Do not be overly concerned with where you live, rather focus on what you do in life to make it better. Whether you live in the forest or in a mansion your happiness or sadness should not depend on your living conditions. 

While in this era of social media madness, we are overtaken by FOMO (fear of missing out) be happy with right where you are if you want to be a ruthless ronin. And if you feel unhappy or frustrated with where you live, then move away. Work hard so that you can live in a better way without getting too attached to our house or living arrangement.


Your sense of satisfaction should not come from the things you accumulate. In his poem  
Let it Enfold You  Charles Bukowski remarks that a life of glamour comparison and fleeting pleasures can wear you down:

cautiously I allowed

myself to feel good

at times.

I found moments of

peace in cheap

rooms

just staring at the

knobs of some

dresser

or listening to the

rain in the

dark.

the less I needed

the better I

felt.                 

 No.13. Do not pursue the taste of good food. Pursue no delicacies for yourself

 Most of us love to eat good, tasty food and some of us really enjoy our daily dose of junk food. Thanks to the surge of food photos on social media apps like Instagram eating good food on a daily basis has become a norm these days. But for the sword-saint of Japan Miyamoto Musashi the objective of eating food is to get the necessary nutrition & energy. 

So if you wish to be a true warrior you need to focus on eating food that is good for your health and not become obsessed with food that only tastes good. Eat mindfully. Eat nourishing food that makes you full and satisfied. While the taste of the food you eat may be important at times it should not be your primary concern when it comes to eating. Always focus on eating for nourishment advise Dokkodo.


No.14. Do not hold on to possessions you no longer need.

True warriors are never materialistic rather they practice minimalism as a lifestyle. According to Musashi’s Dokkodo you should not hold onto things that you no longer need or don’t serve any purpose in your life. Avoid hoarding and remove all the clutter from your home, workspace and your life. Keep what you actually need and give away the rest to those who are in need of it. Once you get rid of all the clutter you will become mentally physically and spiritually free. The more junk you possess in life the more challenging your path will be as a warrior. Think of yourself as a wandering traveler who carries the minimal luggage so that you can move from one place to another easily. 


Musashi had an appreciation for a thing’s utility, but parted with it when it was no longer useful to him.

Fittingly in his final days the warrior-poet gave away the last of his possessions to friends and pupils.


No.15. Have trust in yourself and avoid customary superstitious beliefs

 To become a wise ronin you must become an independent thinker first. Think freely ask questions and make decisions based on your values and beliefs. Your actions should not be influenced by customs traditions or the opinions of others. Do not mindlessly do what you are told, rather live your life the way you want to. Be fearless and courageous instead of following the herd like a sheep who never questions authority. By avoiding the incessant noise around you you will be better able to think for yourself and form independent opinions that question the rules of the world. 

Just because everyone around you is doing something, doesn’t necessarily mean that you will have to do it. Simply because you are walking the path alone doesn’t necessarily make you wrong. Walking alone is the true path of the rebellious ronin.

No.16. Do not concern yourself with superfluous trappings, only the tools of your trade

Do not collect weapons or practice with weapons beyond what is useful.

Words of wisdom for only the true warriors. Samurais are masters of weapons especially the katana a curved single-edged blade sword. However in his second book Dokkodo The Path of Aloneness Miyamoto Musashi says that it is better to be the master of one weapon than dabble with many. Being a Kensei, Musashi himself was seen as a sword-saint of Japan. 

For us, it may mean that we should focus on the skill that we are best at instead of multitasking using multiple gadgets or trying to do too many things at once. When you hone your craft and gain mastery over a specific skill you will become untouchable whether in the battlefield, in your career or in your life. Be a specialist not a generalist.


No.17. Do not fear death

Death is inevitable, yet all of us take steps to avoid it. The secret to be a strong and courageous warrior is to overcome your fear of death and accept it openly when it arrives.  Death is hard to accept for most of us. But the truth is all of us will die eventually and we can never know when and how it will happen. While it may be sad to realize this truth, accepting death instead of fearing it can encourage us to live our life to the fullest. 

It can make us appreciate our life more, be more grateful and live in the present moment instead of worrying about the future. When a warrior is afraid, they become mentally weak and they can be defeated easily. Being calm, focused and unafraid of death increases your chances of victory. 

Tokitsu says that Musashi went on a journey in the course of which one put one's life on the line in order to make progress in the way of the sword. Musashi was more than willing to lay down his life in pursuit of mastery in the martial arts and in turn mastery of himself. The ever-present possibility of death only served to make the experiences more profound and the lessons more ingrained.

 No.18. Do not seek to possess either goods or fiefs for your old age.

How will material possessions serve you when you are dead? Being a ronin himself, Musashi believed collecting valuable possessions was a waste of time and energy. He believed that a true warrior should invest their time in honing their skill, not lust after collecting possessions. Things and objects cannot give you happiness and satisfaction. Even if possessing a valuable object may make you feel better, it will be fleeting. 

It is believed that in his final days Musashi gave away what little possessions he had to friends and family. His fulfilment came from his lifelong pursuit of the Way, of mastering the martial arts to which he dedicated his life. Following his legendary fighting career, he dedicated the remainder of his life not to accumulating land or useless trappings, but to teaching and training others, and refining his philosophies.

No.19.  Respect Buddha and the gods but ask them for nothing

Ever heard of the old saying God helps those who help themselves? Loving God and worshiping God with the expectation of being blessed in return are fundamentally very different. Don’t leave the fate of your life in the hands of God – that is not the way of a true lone warrior, according to Dokkodo. If you want to develop a warrior mindset, you need to take charge of your life, be self-reliant and love God for the sake of loving God. 

Respecting Buddha or God because you want something in return is a way of disrespecting God. 

This was not hyperbole for Musashi. He respected the gods and tradition, but relied only on himself. He cultivated his sense of personal agency. And throughout his epic life, his self-belief and self-efficacy served him well.

 No. 20. You may abandon your own body but you must preserve your honor.

A samurai always fights for his honor. Being a true  warrior, you should never engage in any activities that are considered dishonorable. 

Our character is something we build through hard work, and a true warrior will always protect their character. Think before you act. Even if you may need to sacrifice your life, never sacrifice your values or internal code of ethics. Musashi believed that it is better to lose your life than your honor.
Rather than back down and sacrifice his honor, Musashi claims to have fought an unfathomable 61 duels, enjoying near-mythical success. Because of his ethics and legacy, he has since been canonized — Musashi is now considered a
Kensei, a sword-saint of Japan.

No.21.Never stray from the Way of strategy

A warrior walks on their path alone and never gets distracted. Be determined to walk on the path you have chosen and stay on it no matter what. This symbolizes that you believe in yourself, your values and your choices.

Walk ahead on your path with full conviction, otherwise don’t walk on it at all. Go all in and cast away all your doubts and insecurities.

 Musashi was an advocate of deliberate, unwavering discipline and focus.  You will be tempted by attachment, attention, luxuries, and glamor. There will be doubt, your enthusiasm will wane, you will question your path. But the Way is the ever-ascending journey.

 These 21 laws of life mentioned in the Dokkōdō by Miyamoto Musashi are full of wisdom that can be hard to follow. But if you are determined enough to apply these principles in your life, you will gain the mental strength of a samurai and be able to boldly and confidently walk your path alone, without depending on others. 

This classic samurai wisdom will turn you into a fearless, focused, intelligent and ruthless ronin. 

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